On 2 December 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in the Apple Nederland Store case (Case C-34/24) concerning the interpretation of Article 7(2) of the Brussels I bis Regulation in cases of infringement of competition law. The Court held that that provision must be interpreted as meaning that, within the market of a Member State which is considered to have been harmed by the implementation of anticompetitive conduct consisting in the charging by the operator of an online platform—directed at all users established in that State—of excessive commissions on the price of applications and of in-app digital products offered for sale on that platform, any court of that State which has jurisdiction to rule on the substance of a representative action brought by a qualified entity to protect the collective interests of several users who are not identified but are identifiable, and who have purchased digital products on that platform, has jurisdiction, on the basis of the place where the damage occurred, to hear that action in respect of all such users.
